What is required of vessels in a head-on situation?

In a head-on situation, as defined by the COLREGs (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea), both vessels are required to alter course to avoid a collision. This requirement stems from Rule 14 of the COLREGs, which specifically addresses head-on encounters. In such scenarios, each vessel should take early and substantial action to steer clear of the other by turning to starboard (the right side) to pass port to port. This collaborative action helps to ensure safety by reducing the risk of collision from unexpected maneuvers.

The reason for this requirement is that when two vessels are approaching head-on, each vessel is at an increased risk of not being aware of the other's intentions. By altering course, they can better predict and manage their paths, ensuring safe navigation in close quarters.